Falsifiable Paper free essay sample

Falsifiability Paula Weldon University of Phoenix Falsifiability Concept Karl Popper defined falsifiability as the innate sample of a scientific hypothesis, yet in the simplest form falsifiability is a belief; a belief that in order for a hypothesis to have credibility, it must be disconfirmed before deemed as scientific evidence ( Stanovich, 2010). Take for instance scientists who question others about God; Does he exist? Is he real? This is a theory that cant be discredited so it also cannot be labeled as science. While the idea of no theory being absolute is omething to ponder, if the theory is not falsified it must then be truth. The theory of gravity in past time was thought to be solid due to reasoning that objects do not float away haphazardly from the earths foundation. Even though research and procedures were fitting to this theory, testing was performed at any given time. Because of later research proving that Newtons laws could be broken down the theory of gravity is now unaccepted as a truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Falsifiable Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Popper addressed falsifiability as black and white; this meaning that if a theory is proven as falsifiable it is deemed scientific and if it cannot be proven falsifiable it cannot be scientific. According to Popper, there exist many areas of applied science; social science being one and is not scientific because the possibility for falsification does not exist( Pozzo, 2009). For many sciences falsifiability is useful for producing theories available to sample. When a theory which is falsifiable is tested with meaningful results, this proves the theory as a scientific truth. Of course there are both advantages and disadvantages to Poppers idea; the advantage is when additional knowledge and resources are available truths may be falsified. A huge disadvantage is that sciences of today are udgmental and factually grounded and at the least-strict. Falsifiability to the empirical nature of science Falsifiable is a whole new meaning next to verifiable; an assertion for instance is empirically verifiable if feasible awareness comments reasonably suggest truth of the assertion. If by chance factual observation comments do suggest the assertion, it becomes verified. According to Popper, something (as a discipline) that is not a science entails pseudoscience; pseudoscience would include psychology and different views of Sigmund Freud, metaphysics, and Marxism. A majority of issues dealing with science re grounded in metaphysics, yet to be labeled scientific claims need be empirical risks. Falsifiability is yet the enduring rank for Popper. Testing does not exist to prove a hypothesis or credible because it will always be speculative. Knowledge the possibility of one learning by experience instead of factual knowledge. In earlier times empiricism was likened to inductivism. (Scientific research proceeds from observations to theories)(Pozzo, 2009). Popper immediately Jumped on this by defending his notion that individuals must reach ideas by gathering facts and ascertaining ongoing patterns in them. According to others, nature has a way to speak for herself. Popper argued that first individuals must offer a proposition to get the problem solved. Next individuals must test the proposition-attempting to falsify it. The proposition tells whether observations are even pertinent; Just opposite to what inductivists think, there is no relevance when it comes to discovering something-Just the logistics of performing the test. Claims cannot be verified as already stated in this paper, but can be falsified. Popper came to his own agreement that to find truth one must eliminate misconception. Reaching error such as in efective hypotheses cannot be considered wrong (Pozzo, 2009). As a matter of fact, errors are necessary for science to continue. Individuals learn from their mistakes! Falsifiability and the discipline of Psychology In the world of psychology, theories have to be tested to determine if they are true. The way scientists make sure they are dealing with testable theories is by ensuring their theories are falsifiable; what this means is they have suggestions for genuine happenings in a natural surrounding (Stanovich, 2010). When scientists formulate hypothesis, they have to be stated in a ay that permits a statement to be false. Strategies then used to evaluate the theory as a result has to take into account the possibility that data retrieved will prove the theory as false. This is known as the Falsifiability criterion. Predictions defined by the Falsifiability criterion have to be distinct when describing what can happen, and has to describe what can not happen. When the prognosis of what can not happen, does indeed happen there poses a problem with the theory. The theory will next be changed or a new theory will develop. The result of this is that the new theory will be ore positive or closer to the truth (Stanovich, 2007). Successful theories are ones which do not account for every prospect. If they did, they would be unable to change and there would be no prospect of advancement whatsoever. Why is falsifiability important to psychology? Falsifiability can make a theory prosperous but alongside other factors; for example when theory is in-depth with clues or forecasts that go against social norms and compel individuals to think on specific ideas of ways they normally would not think on. This thinking will permit those in research to ponder on newer ways to treat. When a hypothesis is deemed falsified, a new or modernized theory is developed, but when the hypothesis is intensely specific it conveys the truth much closer to the researcher. Non-Falsifiable Psychological Theory Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush was one of the endorsers on the Declaration of Independence as well as a prominent doctor in Philadelphia. In 1793 yellow fever broke lose and Rush was among those treating patients. Rush supported the theory which specified illnesses in association with fever needed treatment via blood transfusion. According to Stanovich (2001), Rush dispensed the treatment to a majority of his patients; he dministered the treatment to himself also when he contacted the illness. Rushs more life threatening than having the illness itself. Rushs confidence in the effectiveness of his treatment method however remained solid opposed to the several patients of his that passed away from the illness. In Rushs case, one would have to assume that his attitude along with confidence in his medical treatment played a major part of the scenario. If the patient were to survive the illness the blood transfusions worked; when the opposite occurred the patient was far too sick to try any source of treatment. Because Rush failed to determine the outcome of his treatment method and evaluate evidence provided, he simply made it near impossible to falsify his theory. Theory Newtons Theory of Gravity Falsifiable Psychological Isaac Newton was affixed on the fact that gravitational force caused an apple to fall from a tree; in his mindset, this same force keeps the earths motion from carrying it away from the sun. His gravitational force theory was based on the moon orbiting the earth the same way that the planets orbit the sun. In his thinking Newton decided the earths force on the apple which fell, the earths force on the oon, and the suns force on the planets basically are the same forces.

Appeal - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Appeal s in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, one of the three main persuasive strategies as defined by Aristotle in his  Rhetoric: the appeal to logic (logos), the appeal to the emotions (pathos), and the appeal to the character (or perceived character) of the speaker (ethos). Also called a rhetorical appeal. More broadly, an appeal may be any persuasive strategy, especially one directed to the emotions, sense of humor, or cherished beliefs of an audience. Etymology From the Latin appellare, to entreat Examples and Observations Appeals are not the same as fallacies, which are simply faulty reasoning that may be used intentionally to deceive. Appeals can be part of a reasonable argumentative case. The potential for misuse, however, is present in all appeals . . .. Two of the most common appeals are those to the emotions and those to authority. (James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. Strata, 2007)Advocates of capitalism are very apt to appeal to the sacred principles of liberty, which are embodied in one maxim: The fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate.  (Bertrand Russell, Freedom in Society. Skeptical Essays, 1928) The Appeal to Fear Fear appeals are one of the most common persuasive devices encountered by consumers today. In a class lecture at our university, a product manager at a telecommunications giant acknowledged that one of the firms most common sales techniques is to use fear, uncertainty, and doubtalso known as FUD . . .. Using FUD tactics also may be a component of propaganda campaigns where appeals are made to people to support various causes such as saying no to drugs or smoking.  (Charles U. Larson, Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. Cengage, 2009) Sex Appeals in Advertising [L]ets take a quick look at texts that workor fail to workusing relatively simple appeals. The best examples come from advertising....An ad campaign for a certain toothpaste ... promised that the product would enhance  buyers sex appeal.The structure of this appeal is very simple and clear, but the direction of the appeal is anything but straightforward. The toothpaste company occupies the author position; the TV viewer, the audience position. The company has toothpaste to sell; viewers need to care for their teeth but are faced with many choices about which brand to buy... Product Z decides to bypass the whole health issue. It creates an appeal to an altogether different position of value: sex.It is fair  to ask  whether toothpaste has anything  to do with sex at all. On the one hand, it hardly seems sexy to think about cleaning food from between your teeth and polishing off plaque and coffee stains. On the other hand, sweet breath and  shiny teeth have traditionally been associated with physical beauty (at least in a Euro-American culture). Shiny, healthy teeth also suggest youth and prosperity.To capitalize (literally) on these associations, the toothpaste ads show lovely, young, prosperous-looking men and women whose gleaming teeth occupy the central focus of my television screen. Im looking at them, without the least hint of doubt that these people have sex appeal.The act of substituting a new position  of value for a more obvious one works like a metaphor... Instead of saying, Product Z promotes dental health, we can say, Product Z gives you sex appeal.(M. Jimmie Killingsworth,  Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-Language Approach. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005)